Abstract

Review Article

Emerging One Health Preparedness to Combat National Burden of Diseases in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Insight

Zahra Zahid Piracha, Umar Saeed*, Muhammad Nouman Tariq, Syed Shayan Gilani, Maria Rauf, Hussain Ghyas, Nouman Ahmad Aulakh, Abrisham Akbariansaravi, Aiman Riaz, Ahmad Sharif, Muhammad Ishaque, Huzaifa Khatak and Hafsa Khurshid

Published: 23 November, 2023 | Volume 4 - Issue 2 | Pages: 080-088

In order to integrate and enhance the health of people, animals, and the environment, a multidisciplinary “One Health” concept has been coined. However, developing countries have frequently lagged in embracing this innovative vision. Pakistan’s ecology, human health, and animal health have all been severely jeopardized due to a lack of resources. Human health is significantly impacted by the spread and comeback of zoonotic illnesses, especially for people who live in rural regions and frequently interact with domestic or wild animals. More than 75% of zoonotic diseases were transmitted contiguously from animals to humans or indirectly through interactions among agents or vectors (including both humans and other animals). This review article gives critical insights into the most common zoonotic diseases found in Pakistan in addition to underlining the importance of the “One Health” philosophy in the management of these illnesses. Interdisciplinary research efforts are required given the current circumstances in order to politicize sustainable solutions for decreasing the disease burden in human and animal populations simultaneously.

Read Full Article HTML DOI: 10.29328/journal.jcmhs.1001039 Cite this Article Read Full Article PDF

Keywords:

One health; Surveillance; Global burden of diseases; Zoonosis

References

  1. Yasmeen N, Jabbar A, Shah T, Fang LX, Aslam B, Naseeb I, Shakeel F, Ahmad HI, Baloch Z, Liu Y. One Health Paradigm to Confront Zoonotic Health Threats: A Pakistan Prospective. Front Microbiol. 2022 Feb 8;12:719334. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.719334. PMID: 35211097; PMCID: PMC8861076.
  2. Mangili A, Vindenes T, Gendreau M. Infectious Risks of Air Travel. Microbiol Spectr. 2015 Oct;3(5). doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.IOL5-0009-2015. PMID: 26542037.
  3. Supramaniam A, Lui H, Bellette BM, Rudd PA, Herrero LJ. How myeloid cells contribute to the pathogenesis of prominent emerging zoonotic diseases. J Gen Virol. 2018 Aug;99(8):953-969. doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001024. Epub 2018 Jun 25. PMID: 29939125.
  4. McArthur DB. Emerging Infectious Diseases. Nurs Clin North Am. 2019 Jun;54(2):297-311. doi: 10.1016/j.cnur.2019.02.006. Epub 2019 Mar 27. PMID: 31027668; PMCID: PMC7096727.
  5. Hassell JM, Begon M, Ward MJ, Fèvre EM. Urbanization and Disease Emergence: Dynamics at the Wildlife-Livestock-Human Interface. Trends Ecol Evol. 2017 Jan;32(1):55-67. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.09.012. Epub 2016 Oct 28. PMID: 28029378; PMCID: PMC5214842.
  6. Turnbull PCB. Anthrax In Humans And Geneva: World Health Organization.2008. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310486/
  7. Shahzad K, Haroon C, Mamoona C, Zafar I, Muazzam A, Tariq J, Nuzhat S, imran SM, Firqan B, Serug A, Syed R, Azhar Y. Prevalence of Common Diseases in Camels of Cholistan Desert, Journal of Infection and Molecular Biology. 2014; 2.49-52.10.14737/jimb.2307–5465/2.4.49.52. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263848395_Prevalence_of_Common_Diseases_in_Camels_of_Cholistan_Desert_Pakistan
  8. Graham JP, Leibler JH, Price LB, Otte JM, Pfeiffer DU, Tiensin T, Silbergeld EK. The animal-human interface and infectious disease in industrial food animal production: rethinking biosecurity and biocontainment. Public Health Rep. 2008 May-Jun;123(3):282-99. doi: 10.1177/003335490812300309. PMID: 19006971; PMCID: PMC2289982.
  9. Bidaisee S, Macpherson CN. Zoonoses and one health: a review of the literature. J Parasitol Res. 2014;2014:874345. doi: 10.1155/2014/874345. Epub 2014 Jan 30. PMID: 24634782; PMCID: PMC3928857.
  10. Bartges J, Kushner RF, Michel KE, Sallis R, Day MJ. One Health Solutions to Obesity in People and Their Pets. J Comp Pathol. 2017 May;156(4):326-333. doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.03.008. Epub 2017 Apr 28. PMID: 28460797.
  11. Wielinga PR, Schlundt One Health and Food Safety. Confronting Emerging Zoonoses: The One Health Paradigm. 2014;213-232. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55120-1_10
  12. 2020.https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zoonoses
  13. MAQBOOL A, ALI SA, MASOOD S. PREVALENCE AND CONTROL OF FOOD BORNE PARASITIC ZOONOSIS IN PAKISTAN. Malays. Appl. Biol. 2007; 36(1): 15-21.
  14. Ullah Q, Jamil T, Saqib M, Iqbal M, Neubauer H. Q Fever-A Neglected Zoonosis. Microorganisms. 2022 Jul 28;10(8):1530. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10081530. PMID: 36013948; PMCID: PMC9416428.
  15. Saleem MH, Khan MS, Durrani AZ, Hassan A, Ijaz M, Ali Leptospirosis: An emerging zoonosis in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 2013; 45(4): 909-912.
  16. Khattak I, Mushtaq MH, Ahmad MU, Khan MS, Haider J. Zoonotic tuberculosis in occupationally exposed groups in Pakistan. Occup Med (Lond). 2016 Jul;66(5):371-6. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqw039. Epub 2016 Mar 30. PMID: 27032413; PMCID: PMC4913371.
  17. Taif S. Molecular detection of multi drug resistant tuberculosis [MDR-TB] in MDR-TB patients’ attendant in North Western Pakistan. PAFMJPakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal. 2017; 67 (6): 982-987. | IMEMR. Retrieved from https://search.bvsalud.org/gim/resource/en/emr-193398.
  18. Colmenero JD, Reguera JM, Martos F, Sánchez-De-Mora D, Delgado M, Causse M, Martín-Farfán A, Juárez C. Complications associated with Brucella melitensis infection: a study of 530 cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 1996 Jul;75(4):195-211. doi: 10.1097/00005792-199607000-00003. Erratum in: Medicine (Baltimore) 1997 Mar;76(2):139. PMID: 8699960.
  19. Jamil T, Khan AU, Saqib M, Hussain MH, Melzer F, Rehman A, Shabbir MZ, Khan MA, Ali S, Shahzad A, Khan I, Iqbal M, Ullah Q, Ahmad W, Mansoor MK, Neubauer H, Schwarz S. Animal and Human Brucellosis in Pakistan. Front Public Health. 2021 Jul 30;9:660508. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.660508. PMID: 34395357; PMCID: PMC8362930.
  20. Kazar J. Coxiella burnetii infection. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005 Dec;1063:105-14. doi: 10.1196/annals.1355.018. PMID: 16481501.
  21. Wang S, Stobart Gallagher MA, Dunn N. Leptospirosis. 2022 Oct 17. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–. PMID: 28722888.
  22. Ahmad W, Naeem MA, Akram Q, Ahmad S, Younus M. Exploring rabies endemicity in Pakistan: Major constraints & possible solutions. Acta Trop. 2021 Sep;221:106011. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106011. Epub 2021 Jun 16. PMID: 34144001.
  23. Khan A, Ayaz R, Mehtab A, Naz K, Haider W, Gondal MA, Umer M, Afzal MI, Shah NA, Afzal MS, Yayi G, Ahmad KS, Ahmed H. Knowledge, attitude & practices (KAPs) regarding rabies endemicity among the community members, Pakistan. Acta Trop. 2019 Dec;200:105156. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105156. Epub 2019 Sep 3. PMID: 31491398.
  24. Koury R, Warrington SJ. Rabies. 2022 Oct 31. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–. PMID: 28846292.
  25. Tabassum S, Naeem A, Khan MZ, Mumtaz N, Gill S, Ohadi L. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Pakistan, 2022: A warning bell amidst unprecedented floods and COVID 19 pandemic. Health Sci Rep. 2023 Jan 12;6(1):e1055. doi: 10.1002/hsr2.1055. PMID: 36655141; PMCID: PMC9835039.
  26. Malik IA, Tariq Hepatitis E in Pakistan. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 1996; 2(1): 121-128. https://doi.org/10.26719/1996.2.1.121
  27. Kayani B, Sadiq S, Rashid HB, Ahmed N, Mahmood A, Khaliq MS, Maqsood R, Rashid H, Hasan S, Mushtaq MH, Zia UU, Chaudhry M. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Pakistan: a neglected disease needing one health strategy. BMC Infect Dis. 2021 Jun 30;21(1):622. doi: 10.1186/s12879-021-06327-w. PMID: 34193071; PMCID: PMC8243581.
  28. Khan SJ, Muneeb S. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pakistan. Dermatol Online J. 2005 Mar 1;11(1):4. PMID: 15748545.
  29. Burza S, Croft SL, Boelaert M. Leishmaniasis. Lancet. 2018 Sep 15;392(10151):951-970. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31204-2. Epub 2018 Aug 17. PMID: 30126638.
  30. Khan U, Azeem S. The rising toll of dengue cases in Pakistan every year: An incipient crisis. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2022 Mar 31;76:103549. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103549. PMID: 35495398; PMCID: PMC9052282.
  31. Kularatne SA, Dalugama C. Dengue infection: Global importance, immunopathology and management. Clin Med (Lond). 2022 Jan;22(1):9-13. doi: 10.7861/clinmed.2021-0791. PMID: 35078789; PMCID: PMC8813012.
  32. Turi Raa, Sajid A, Shah SR, Ahmad S, Shahid Prevalence of gastrointestinal tract parasites in cattle of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science. 2011; 6(9): 9-15.http://www.arpnjournals.com/jabs/research_papers/rp_2011/jabs_0911_309.pdf
  33. Rashid A, Khattak MNK, Khan MF, Ayaz S, Rehman Gastrointestinal helminthoses: Prevalence and associated risk factors in small ruminants of district Kohat, Pakistan. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 2016; 26(4): 956-962.
  34. Nawaz Z, Rasool MH, Siddique AB, Zahoor MA, Naz A, Ali S, Mukhtar Frequency and molecular detection of giardia intestinalis in children attending pediatrics of punjab, pakistan. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology. 2020; 13(1). https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.97080
  35. Khan NU, Usman T, Sarwar MS, Ali H, Gohar A, Asif M, Rabbani F, Khan RU, Sultana N, Khan NA, Mobashar M, Shah AA, Wanapat M. The prevalence, risk factors analysis and evaluation of two diagnostic techniques for the detection of Cryptosporidium infection in diarrheic sheep from Pakistan. PLoS One. 2022 Jul 8;17(7):e0269859. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269859. PMID: 35802622; PMCID: PMC9269430.
  36. Church JA, White Sea-level rise from the late 19th to the early 21st century. Surveys in Geophysics. 2011; 32: 4-5; 585-602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-011-9119-1
  37. Mirza MI, Hassan MZ, Akhtar S, Ali J, Sanjirani Remote sensing survey of mangrove forest along the coast of Baluchistan. In:Thompson MF & Tirmizi N.M., eds. Marine Science of the Arabian Sea. AIBS,Washington DC. 1988; 339-348.
  38. Giri C, Long J, Abbas S, Murali RM, Qamer FM, Pengra B, Thau D. Distribution and dynamics of mangrove forests of South Asia. J Environ Manage. 2015 Jan 15;148:101-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.01.020. Epub 2014 Apr 13. PMID: 24735705.
  39. Baigal Farmers who lost crops in Pakistan floods struggle without compensation The Third Pole. 2023.https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/food/pakistan-farmers-who-lost-crops-to-floods-struggle- without-compensation/
  40. Haq IU, Mehmood Z, Mujahid AM, Ahmed B, Shah J, Khan N, Haq IU, Shahzad M, Khan EA, Khan A, Zeb U, Xu J, Xue Y, Chen X. Prevalence of Micronutrient Deficiencies among Preschool and School-Going Children in Flood-Hit Areas of Pakistan. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Oct 25;105(6):1638-1644. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0705. PMID: 34695787; PMCID: PMC8641359.
  41. Warns of Pakistan Health Crisis. 2022.https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.dw.com/en/pakistan-who-warns-of-health-crisis-afte r-floods/a-62982291
  42. Braam DH. Zoonoses in the margins: environmental displacement and health outcomes in the Indus Delta. Int J Equity Health. 2022 Dec 30;21(1):189. doi: 10.1186/s12939-022-01823-0. PMID: 36581869; PMCID: PMC9800233.
  43. Coalson JE, Anderson EJ, Santos EM, Madera Garcia V, Romine JK, Dominguez B, Richard DM, Little AC, Hayden MH, Ernst KC. The Complex Epidemiological Relationship between Flooding Events and Human Outbreaks of Mosquito-Borne Diseases: A Scoping Review. Environ Health Perspect. 2021 Sep;129(9):96002. doi: 10.1289/EHP8887. Epub 2021 Sep 28. Erratum in: Environ Health Perspect. 2021 Dec;129(12):129001. PMID: 34582261; PMCID: PMC8478154.
  44. Flooding and communicable diseases fact sheet. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2005 Jan 21;80(3):21-8. English, French. PMID: 15715138.
  45. Boussery G, Boelaert M, van Peteghem J, Ejikon P, Henckaerts K. Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) outbreak in Somali refugees and Kenyan shepherds, Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(3 Suppl):603-4. doi: 10.3201/eid0707.010746. PMID: 11485683; PMCID: PMC2631839.
  46. Parry M, Arnell N, McMichael T, Nicholls R, Martens P, Kovats S, Fischer G. Millions at risk: defining critical climate change threats and Global environmental change. 2001; 11(3): 181-183. Parry, Martin, Nige
  47. Ali S, Liu Y, Ishaq M, Shah T, Abdullah, Ilyas A, Din IU. Climate Change and Its Impact on the Yield of Major Food Crops: Evidence from Pakistan. Foods. 2017 May 24;6(6):39. doi: 10.3390/foods6060039. PMID: 28538704; PMCID: PMC5483611.
  48. Gupta R, Somanathan E, Dey Global warming and local air pollution have reduced wheat yields in India. Climatic Change. 2017;140: 593-604.
  49. Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Cook N, Ruggeri FM, Sellwood J, Nasser A, Nascimento MS, D'Agostino M, Santos R, Saiz JC, Rzeżutka A, Bosch A, Gironés R, Carducci A, Muscillo M, Kovač K, Diez-Valcarce M, Vantarakis A, von Bonsdorff CH, de Roda Husman AM, Hernández M, van der Poel WH. Virus hazards from food, water and other contaminated environments. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2012 Jul;36(4):786-814. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00306.x. Epub 2011 Oct 24. PMID: 22091646; PMCID: PMC7114518.
  50. Ahmed T, Scholz M, Al-Faraj F, Niaz W. Water-Related Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture and Subsequently on Public Health: A Review for Generalists with Particular Reference to Pakistan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016 Oct 27;13(11):1051. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13111051. PMID: 27801802; PMCID: PMC5129261.
  51. Tessema AG, Gelaye KA, Chercos DH. Factors affecting food handling practices among food handlers of Dangila town food and drink establishments, North West Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2014 Jun 7;14:571. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-571. PMID: 24908104; PMCID: PMC4057591.
  52. Aa L, Is H, Jh D, Jfr L. Bacterial contamination of the hands of food handlers as indicator of hand washing efficacy in some convenient food industries in South Africa. Pak J Med Sci. 2014 Jul;30(4):755-8. PMID: 25097511; PMCID: PMC4121692.
  53. Sarwar Insect vectors involving in mechanical transmission of human pathogens for serious diseases. Int J Bioinform Biomed Eng. 2015; 1(3): 300-306. http://www.aiscience.org/journal/ijbbe
  54. Kouadio IK, Aljunid S, Kamigaki T, Hammad K, Oshitani H. Infectious diseases following natural disasters: prevention and control measures. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2012 Jan;10(1):95-104. doi: 10.1586/eri.11.155. PMID: 22149618.
  55. Ahmed Z, Afreen A, Hassan MU, Ahmad H, Anjum N, Waseem Exposure of food safety knowledge and inadequate practices among food vendors at Rawalpindi; the fourth largest city of Pakistan. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. 2017; 5(1): 63-73. http://pubs.sciepub.com/jfnr/5/1/10/index.html
  56. Cortese RDM, Veiros MB, Feldman C, Cavalli SB.Food safety and hygiene practices of vendors during the chain of street food production in Florianopolis, Brazil: A cross-sectional study, food 2016; 62: 178-186, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.10.027 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956713515302498
  57. Curtis V, Schmidt W, Luby S, Florez R, Touré O, Biran A. Hygiene: new hopes, new horizons. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011 Apr;11(4):312-21. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70224-3. PMID: 21453872; PMCID: PMC7106354.
  58. World Health Safer water, better health. 2019.https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789241516891#:~:text=Ensuring%20th e%20access%20of%20all,life%20of%20millions%20of%20individuals.
  59. Yunus AW, Imtiaz N, Khan H, Ibrahim MNM, Zafar Y. Aflatoxin Contamination of Milk Marketed in Pakistan: A Longitudinal Study. Toxins (Basel). 2019 Feb 13;11(2):110. doi: 10.3390/toxins11020110. PMID: 30781806; PMCID: PMC6409839.
  60. Yunus AW, Lindahl JF, Anwar Z, Ullah A, Ibrahim MNM. Farmer's knowledge and suggested approaches for controlling aflatoxin contamination of raw milk in Pakistan. Front Microbiol. 2022 Oct 20;13:980105. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.980105. PMID: 36338062; PMCID: PMC9630330.
  61. Jeppu U, Jayaram N, Satya S, Purayil AK. Microbiological Evaluation of Ultra-High-Temperature (UHT)-Treated Milk Close to Expiry Date and Routine Home Practices for Preservation of Milk. Indian J Community Med. 2015 Jul-Sep;40(3):174-6. doi: 10.4103/0970-0218.158858. PMID: 26170541; PMCID: PMC4478658.
  62. Wada Y, Lönnerdal B. Effects of different industrial heating processes of milk on site-specific protein modifications and their relationship to in vitro and in vivo digestibility. J Agric Food Chem. 2014 May 7;62(18):4175-85. doi: 10.1021/jf501617s. Epub 2014 Apr 24. PMID: 24720734.
  63. Ahmed H, Ali S, Afzal MS, Khan AA, Raza H, Shah ZH, Simsek S. Why more research needs to be done on echinococcosis in Pakistan. Infect Dis Poverty. 2017 Jul 3;6(1):90. doi: 10.1186/s40249-017-0309-z. PMID: 28669350; PMCID: PMC5494903.
  64. Khan A, Ahmed H, Khan H, Saleem S, Simsek S, Brunetti E, Afzal MS, Manciulli T, Budke CM. Cystic Echinococcosis in Pakistan: A Review of Reported Cases, Diagnosis, and Management. Acta Trop. 2020 Dec;212:105709. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105709. Epub 2020 Sep 18. PMID: 32956637.
  65. Strengthening Echinococcus prevention and control.https://www.who.int/activities/strengthening-echinococcosis-prevention-and-control
  66. Channa AA, Tariq M, Nizamani ZA, Kalhoro NH. Prevalence of avian influenza H5, H7, and H9 viruses in commercial layers in Karachi, Pakistan. Iran J Vet Res. 2021 Fall;22(4):352-355. doi: 10.22099/IJVR.2021.41104.5964. PMID: 35126545; PMCID: PMC8806169.
  67. Naeem K, Siddique N. Use of strategic vaccination for the control of avian influenza in Pakistan. Dev Biol (Basel). 2006;124:145-50. PMID: 16447505.
  68. Khan W, Arshad S, Khatoon N, Khan I, Ahmad N, Kamal M, UlHassan H, Khan N, Haq AU, Ilyas M, Ullah S, Ullah I, Mahmoud AH, Mohammed OB. Food handlers: an important reservoir of protozoans and helminth parasites of public health importance. Braz J Biol. 2021 May 21;82:e238891. doi: 10.1590/1519-6984.238891. PMID: 34037080.
  69. Ulhaq Z, Khan W, Khan MF, Kabir M, Ujjan AA, Ullah W, Masood Z, Khan S, De Los Ríos Escalante P. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic diseases in school children of rural areas of district Lower Dir, Pakistan. Braz J Biol. 2021 Oct 6;82:e243150. doi: 10.1590/1519-6984.243150. PMID: 34644727.
  70. Koh C, Frangeul L, Blanc H, Ngoagouni C, Boyer S, Dussart P, Grau N, Girod R, Duchemin JB, Saleh MC. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences from 33 globally distributed mosquito species for improved metagenomics and species identification. Elife. 2023 Jan 23;12:e82762. doi: 10.7554/eLife.82762. PMID: 36688360; PMCID: PMC10014081.
  71. Rahman MT, Sobur MA, Islam MS, Ievy S, Hossain MJ, El Zowalaty ME, Rahman AT, Ashour HM. Zoonotic Diseases: Etiology, Impact, and Control. Microorganisms. 2020 Sep 12;8(9):1405. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8091405. PMID: 32932606; PMCID: PMC7563794.
  72. Kardjadj M, Ben-Mahdi MH. Epidemiology of dog-mediated zoonotic diseases in Algeria: a One Health control approach. New Microbes New Infect. 2019 Jan 18;28:17-20. doi: 10.1016/j.nmni.2019.01.001. PMID: 30805194; PMCID: PMC6374641.
  73. 2023. Leishmaniasis https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis
  74. Khan J, Adil M, Wang G, Tsheten T, Zhang D, Pan W, Khan MA, Rehman IU, Zheng X, Wu Z, Wu Y. A cross-sectional study to assess the epidemiological situation and associated risk factors of dengue fever; knowledge, attitudes, and practices about dengue prevention in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. Front Public Health. 2022 Jul 29;10:923277. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.923277. PMID: 35968472; PMCID: PMC9372552.
  75. Rahman RU, Souza B, Uddin I, Carrara L, Brito LP, Costa MM, Mahmood MA, Khan S, Lima JBP, Martins AJ. Insecticide resistance and underlying targets-site and metabolic mechanisms in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from Lahore, Pakistan. Sci Rep. 2021 Feb 25;11(1):4555. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83465-w. PMID: 33633183; PMCID: PMC7907206.
  76. Mukhtar MU, Han Q, Liao C, Haq F, Arslan A, Bhatti A. Seasonal Distribution and Container Preference Ratio of the Dengue Fever Vector (Aedes aegypti, Diptera: Culicidae) in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. J Med Entomol. 2018 Jun 28;55(4):1011-1015. doi: 10.1093/jme/tjy010. PMID: 29462424.
  77. Dafale NA, Srivastava S, Purohit HJ. Zoonosis: An Emerging Link to Antibiotic Resistance Under "One Health Approach". Indian J Microbiol. 2020 Jun;60(2):139-152. doi: 10.1007/s12088-020-00860-z. Epub 2020 Mar 4. PMID: 32255846; PMCID: PMC7105526.
  78. Latif A. Pakistan's population grows by 25M in 5 years: Initial census results. Asia Pacific. 2023. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/pakistans-population-grows-by-25m-in-5-years-init ial-census-results/2875576
  79. Lambo E. The economy and health. Health Policy. 1993 Mar;23(3):247-63. doi: 10.1016/0168-8510(93)90061-s. PMID: 10124658.
  80. Spernovasilis N, Markaki I, Papadakis M, Tsioutis C, Markaki L. Epidemics and pandemics: Is human overpopulation the elephant in the room? Ethics Med Public Health. 2021 Dec;19:100728. doi: 10.1016/j.jemep.2021.100728. Epub 2021 Oct 22. PMID: 34703871; PMCID: PMC8530531.
  81. Keesing F, Belden LK, Daszak P, Dobson A, Harvell CD, Holt RD, Hudson P, Jolles A, Jones KE, Mitchell CE, Myers SS, Bogich T, Ostfeld RS. Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases. Nature. 2010 Dec 2;468(7324):647-52. doi: 10.1038/nature09575. PMID: 21124449; PMCID: PMC7094913.
  82. Hollenbeck JE. Interaction of the role of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) in Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDS). Infect Genet Evol. 2016 Mar;38:44-46. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.12.002. Epub 2015 Dec 2. PMID: 26656834; PMCID: PMC7106093.
  83. Costa F, Carvalho-Pereira T, Begon M, Riley L, Childs J. Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Diseases in Urban Slums: Opportunities for Intervention. Trends Parasitol. 2017 Sep;33(9):660-662. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.05.010. Epub 2017 Jun 15. PMID: 28625886.
  84. Seimenis A. Zoonoses and poverty - a long road to the alleviation of suffering. Vet Ital. 2012 Jan-Mar;48(1):5-13. PMID: 22484998.
  85. Singh AR, Singh SA. Diseases of poverty and lifestyle, well-being and human development. Mens Sana Monogr. 2008 Jan;6(1):187-225. doi: 10.4103/0973-1229.40567. PMID: 22013359; PMCID: PMC3190550.
  86. Schelling E, Grace D, Willingham AL 3rd, Randolph T. Research approaches for improved pro-poor control of zoonoses. Food Nutr Bull. 2007 Jun;28(2 Suppl):S345-56. doi: 10.1177/15648265070282S214. PMID: 17658081.
  87. Murray J, Cohen Infectious Disease Surveillance. International Encyclopedia of Public Health. 2017; 222–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803678-5.00517-8
  88. Steckler A, Allegrante JP, Altman D, Brown R, Burdine JN, Goodman RM, Jorgensen C. Health education intervention strategies: recommendations for future research. Health Educ Q. 1995 Aug;22(3):307-28. doi: 10.1177/109019819402200305. PMID: 7591787.
  89. Shaikh TG, Waseem S, Ahmed SH, Swed S, Hasan MM. Infectious disease surveillance system in Pakistan: challenges and way forward. Trop Med Health. 2022 Jul 19;50(1):46. doi: 10.1186/s41182-022-00439-y. PMID: 35850780; PMCID: PMC9295525.
  90. Shaikh BT, Ali N. COVID-19 and fiscal space for health system in Pakistan: It is time for a policy decision. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2020 Jul;35(4):813-817. doi: 10.1002/hpm.2986. Epub 2020 May 31. PMID: 32476158; PMCID: PMC7300726.
  91. CDC (2017) Workshop Summary: One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization & One Health Systems Mapping and Analysis Resource Toolkit™ for Multisectoral Engagement in Pakistanhttps://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/pdfs/Pakistan-508.pdf
  92. World Health (1998). List of Basic Terms. Health Promotion Glossary. 4. http://www.who.int/hpr/NPHj/ddoocs/hp_glossary_en.pdf.
  93. Beitz JM. Education for health promotion and disease prevention: convince them, don't confuse them. Ostomy Wound Manage. 1998 Mar;44(3A Suppl):71S-76S; discussion 77S. PMID: 9626000.
  94. Kurji Z, Premani ZS, Mithani Y. Analysis Of The Health Care System Of Pakistan: Lessons Learnt And Way Forward. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2016 Jul-Sep;28(3):601-604. PMID: 28712245.
  95. Zeeshan MF, Raza U, Anwar S, Khan D, Abbas A, Sadiq N, Qazi U. Public health education and health system needs in Pakistan: a mixed methods study. East Mediterr Health J. 2018 Dec 9;24(9):813-822. doi: 10.26719/2018.24.9.813. PMID: 30570113.
  96. Shah SM, Zaidi S, Ahmed J, Rehman SU. Motivation and Retention of Physicians in Primary Healthcare Facilities: A Qualitative Study From Abbottabad, Pakistan. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016 Aug 1;5(8):467-475. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2016.38. PMID: 27694660; PMCID: PMC4968250.

Figures:

Similar Articles

  • Emerging One Health Preparedness to Combat National Burden of Diseases in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Insight
    Zahra Zahid Piracha, Umar Saeed*, Muhammad Nouman Tariq, Syed Shayan Gilani, Maria Rauf, Hussain Ghyas, Nouman Ahmad Aulakh, Abrisham Akbariansaravi, Aiman Riaz, Ahmad Sharif, Muhammad Ishaque, Huzaifa Khatak and Hafsa Khurshid Zahra Zahid Piracha, Umar Saeed*, Muhammad Nouman Tariq, Syed Shayan Gilani, Maria Rauf, Hussain Ghyas, Nouman Ahmad Aulakh, Abrisham Akbariansaravi, Aiman Riaz, Ahmad Sharif, Muhammad Ishaque, Huzaifa Khatak, Hafsa Khurshid. Emerging One Health Preparedness to Combat National Burden of Diseases in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Insight. . 2023 doi: 10.29328/journal.jcmhs.1001039; 4: 080-088

Recently Viewed

Read More

Most Viewed

Read More

Help ?