The Role of Micronutrients (Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Zinc, Magnesium) in Managing Primary Dysmenorrhea: Evidence and Gaps

Abstract

Background: Primary dysmenorrhea impacts 95% of reproductive-age women. While NSAIDs are the primary pharmacological treatment as of yet, their negative impacts have spiked interest in alternative approaches. Micronutrients, including Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Zinc, and Magnesium, have been presented as better treatment options.

Objective: This review presents evidence on the role of micronutrients in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea, critically analyses all available evidence, and sheds light on gaps present in already performed research.

Methods: A structured literature search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar using the following terms: “primary dysmenorrhea,” “dysmenorrhea AND micronutrients,” “dysmenorrhea AND Vitamin D/E/Zinc/Magnesium,” and “menstrual pain AND supplementation.” Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews, and meta-analyses were considered while case reports and non-peer-reviewed sources were not included.

Results: All four micronutrients showed noticeable benefits in reducing menstrual pain intensity. Zinc supplementation (≥30 mg/day for ≥8 weeks) yielded the most consistent analgesic effects. Single high-dose Vitamin D reduced pain and NSAID dependence. Vitamin E has some anti-inflammatory benefits, whereas Magnesium aids uterine relaxation and decreases prostaglandin F2α levels. The overall evidence, however, is limited by small sample sizes, varying dosing, and short durations.

Conclusion: Micronutrient supplementation displays a low-risk, cost-effective alternative to conventional management. Larger, well-managed trials are, however, needed to establish optimal long-term outcomes.